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ctid and other PostgreSQL table internals

While attending a conference (yay) the discussion turned to system columns, and especially ctid. This was in context of backups, and the physical position of data on disk. The question was if that can be used to determine if an incremental backup is required, and if it is enough to just copy that field where the ctid points to. Not quite, but I’d like to use this question to describe the system columns more in detail.